Cassava and cassava-based products, among Vietnam’s key agricultural export commodities, have generated annual export revenues of over USD 1 billion. Despite being one of the world’s leading cassava exporters, Vietnam’s cassava industry faces significant risks due to its heavy dependence on the Chinese market. This paper examines the current state of Vietnam’s cassava exports, analyzes the export market structure, and identifies key opportunities and challenges in the context of deepening international economic integration. The findings reveal that, while growing global demand for cassava products and the benefits of free trade agreements create favorable conditions for market expansion, the industry has faced challenges related to market concentration, low value added products, quality standards, logistics, and branding. Based on these findings, the paper proposes several strategic solutions, including export market diversification, promotion of deep processing, product quality enhancement, logistics improvement, and brand development, with the aim of strengthening competitiveness and ensuring the sustainable development of Vietnam’s cassava industry.